本章解析leveldb的基本组件——SSTable，SSTable一旦形成，就不会被改变，SSTable的操作有以下2种：
1、构建SSTable，在minor compaction和major compaction时，会构建SSTable，其中minor compaction是从memtable中构建SSTable，major compaction是从多个SSTable merge为一个SSTable
2、读取遍历SSTable，用户查询或者遍历时，会从SSTable中查询对应的key，需要读取SSTable文件内容，并解析到内存中

Block

SSTable由多个Block组成，包括Data Block、Meta Block、Index Block。Data Block存储KV Record，Meta Block存储Block的元数据，目前只有一个BloomFilter，Index Block只有一个，紧挨着Footer，存储Data Block和Meta Block的位置

Block构建

一个Block中的KV Record分为多组，每组有一个重启点，每组中的key进行前缀压缩，在组内，KV对的存储个数：
共享前缀长度+非共享前缀长度+value长度+key中非共享前缀数据+value数据

void BlockBuilder::Add(const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
  Slice last_key_piece(last_key_);
  assert(!finished_);
  assert(counter_ <= options_->block_restart_interval);
  assert(buffer_.empty()  // No values yet?
         || options_->comparator->Compare(key, last_key_piece) > 0);
  size_t shared = 0;
  if (counter_ < options_->block_restart_interval) {
    // See how much sharing to do with previous string
    // 组中可以继续放置数据
    const size_t min_length = std::min(last_key_piece.size(), key.size());
    while ((shared < min_length) && (last_key_piece[shared] == key[shared])) {
      shared++;
    }
  } else {
    // Restart compression
    restarts_.push_back(buffer_.size());
    counter_ = 0;
  }
  const size_t non_shared = key.size() - shared;

  // Add "<shared><non_shared><value_size>" to buffer_
  PutVarint32(&buffer_, shared);
  PutVarint32(&buffer_, non_shared);
  PutVarint32(&buffer_, value.size());

  // Add string delta to buffer_ followed by value
  buffer_.append(key.data() + shared, non_shared);
  buffer_.append(value.data(), value.size());

  // Update state
  last_key_.resize(shared);
  last_key_.append(key.data() + shared, non_shared);
  assert(Slice(last_key_) == key);
  counter_++;
}

当一个Block构建完成之后，把重启点的信息也编码：

Slice BlockBuilder::Finish() {
  // Append restart array
  for (size_t i = 0; i < restarts_.size(); i++) {
    PutFixed32(&buffer_, restarts_[i]);
  }
  PutFixed32(&buffer_, restarts_.size());
  finished_ = true;
  return Slice(buffer_);
}

Block读取

Block读取时通过Iterator遍历并解析Block中的各个KV Record:

  void Seek(const Slice& target) override {
    // Binary search in restart array to find the last restart point
    // with a key < target
    uint32_t left = 0;
    uint32_t right = num_restarts_ - 1;
    int current_key_compare = 0;

    if (Valid()) {
      // If we're already scanning, use the current position as a starting
      // point. This is beneficial if the key we're seeking to is ahead of the
      // current position.
      // 如果当前以及开始遍历了，那么先用当前的遍历点作为参考点
      current_key_compare = Compare(key_, target);
      if (current_key_compare < 0) {
        // key_ is smaller than target
        left = restart_index_;
      } else if (current_key_compare > 0) {
        right = restart_index_;
      } else {
        // We're seeking to the key we're already at.
        return;
      }
    }

	// KV Record是有序的，二分查找
    while (left < right) {
      uint32_t mid = (left + right + 1) / 2;
      uint32_t region_offset = GetRestartPoint(mid);
      uint32_t shared, non_shared, value_length;
      const char* key_ptr =
          DecodeEntry(data_ + region_offset, data_ + restarts_, &shared,
                      &non_shared, &value_length);
      // 这是起始点出的KV对，所以shared的长度为0
      if (key_ptr == nullptr || (shared != 0)) {
        CorruptionError();
        return;
      }
      Slice mid_key(key_ptr, non_shared);
      if (Compare(mid_key, target) < 0) {
        // Key at "mid" is smaller than "target".  Therefore all
        // blocks before "mid" are uninteresting.
        left = mid;
      } else {
        // Key at "mid" is >= "target".  Therefore all blocks at or
        // after "mid" are uninteresting.
        right = mid - 1;
      }
    }
    
  	bool ParseNextKey() {
    current_ = NextEntryOffset();
    const char* p = data_ + current_;
    const char* limit = data_ + restarts_;  // Restarts come right after data
    if (p >= limit) {
      // No more entries to return.  Mark as invalid.
      current_ = restarts_;
      restart_index_ = num_restarts_;
      return false;
    }

    // Decode next entry
    uint32_t shared, non_shared, value_length;
    // 根据编码格式，解码KV Record的格式
    p = DecodeEntry(p, limit, &shared, &non_shared, &value_length);
    if (p == nullptr || key_.size() < shared) {
      CorruptionError();
      return false;
    } else {
      key_.resize(shared);
      key_.append(p, non_shared);
      value_ = Slice(p + non_shared, value_length);
      while (restart_index_ + 1 < num_restarts_ &&
             GetRestartPoint(restart_index_ + 1) < current_) {
        ++restart_index_;
      }
      return true;
    }
  }

SSTable

Table构建

TableBuilder中包含对应的data_block、index_block、filter_block分别用来构建Data Block、Index Block、Meta Block，其中data_block中的KV Record是对应用户的Key、Value，Meta Block对应的KV Record是filter policy和filter的内容，Index Block的KV Record是每个Block的起始最小的Key和Block的offset+size。

struct TableBuilder::Rep {
  Rep(const Options& opt, WritableFile* f)
      : options(opt),
        index_block_options(opt),
        file(f),
        offset(0),
        data_block(&options),
        index_block(&index_block_options),
        num_entries(0),
        closed(false),
        filter_block(opt.filter_policy == nullptr
                         ? nullptr
                         : new FilterBlockBuilder(opt.filter_policy)),
        pending_index_entry(false) {
    index_block_options.block_restart_interval = 1;
  }

  Options options;
  Options index_block_options;
  WritableFile* file;
  uint64_t offset;
  Status status;
  BlockBuilder data_block;
  BlockBuilder index_block;
  std::string last_key;
  int64_t num_entries;
  bool closed;  // Either Finish() or Abandon() has been called.
  FilterBlockBuilder* filter_block;

  // We do not emit the index entry for a block until we have seen the
  // first key for the next data block.  This allows us to use shorter
  // keys in the index block.  For example, consider a block boundary
  // between the keys "the quick brown fox" and "the who".  We can use
  // "the r" as the key for the index block entry since it is >= all
  // entries in the first block and < all entries in subsequent
  // blocks.
  //
  // Invariant: r->pending_index_entry is true only if data_block is empty.
  bool pending_index_entry;
  BlockHandle pending_handle;  // Handle to add to index block

  std::string compressed_output;
};

添加KV Record:

void TableBuilder::Add(const Slice& key, const Slice& value) {
  Rep* r = rep_;
  assert(!r->closed);
  if (!ok()) return;
  if (r->num_entries > 0) {
    assert(r->options.comparator->Compare(key, Slice(r->last_key)) > 0);
  }

  if (r->pending_index_entry) {
  	// 如果已经写满了一个Data Block，则创建新的Data Block
    assert(r->data_block.empty());
    r->options.comparator->FindShortestSeparator(&r->last_key, key);
    std::string handle_encoding;
    r->pending_handle.EncodeTo(&handle_encoding);
    r->index_block.Add(r->last_key, Slice(handle_encoding));
    r->pending_index_entry = false;
  }

  if (r->filter_block != nullptr) {
    r->filter_block->AddKey(key);
  }

  r->last_key.assign(key.data(), key.size());
  r->num_entries++;
  r->data_block.Add(key, value);

  const size_t estimated_block_size = r->data_block.CurrentSizeEstimate();
  if (estimated_block_size >= r->options.block_size) {
    Flush();
  }
}

Status TableBuilder::Finish() {
  Rep* r = rep_;
  Flush();
  assert(!r->closed);
  r->closed = true;

  BlockHandle filter_block_handle, metaindex_block_handle, index_block_handle;

  // 之前文件中已经写入了各个Data Block
  // Write filter block
  // 写入Filter Block
  if (ok() && r->filter_block != nullptr) {
    WriteRawBlock(r->filter_block->Finish(), kNoCompression,
                  &filter_block_handle);
  }

  // Write metaindex block
  // 写入Meta Index Block
  if (ok()) {
    BlockBuilder meta_index_block(&r->options);
    if (r->filter_block != nullptr) {
      // Add mapping from "filter.Name" to location of filter data
      std::string key = "filter.";
      key.append(r->options.filter_policy->Name());
      std::string handle_encoding;
      filter_block_handle.EncodeTo(&handle_encoding);
      meta_index_block.Add(key, handle_encoding);
    }

    // TODO(postrelease): Add stats and other meta blocks
    WriteBlock(&meta_index_block, &metaindex_block_handle);
  }

  // Write index block
  // 写入Data Index Block
  if (ok()) {
    if (r->pending_index_entry) {
      r->options.comparator->FindShortSuccessor(&r->last_key);
      std::string handle_encoding;
      r->pending_handle.EncodeTo(&handle_encoding);
      r->index_block.Add(r->last_key, Slice(handle_encoding));
      r->pending_index_entry = false;
    }
    WriteBlock(&r->index_block, &index_block_handle);
  }

  // Write footer
  // 最后写入Footer
  if (ok()) {
    Footer footer;
    footer.set_metaindex_handle(metaindex_block_handle);
    footer.set_index_handle(index_block_handle);
    std::string footer_encoding;
    footer.EncodeTo(&footer_encoding);
    r->status = r->file->Append(footer_encoding);
    if (r->status.ok()) {
      r->offset += footer_encoding.size();
    }
  }
  return r->status;
}

Table读取

打开并解析SSTable:

// 打开sstable，并构建成内存中的Table
Status Table::Open(const Options& options, RandomAccessFile* file,
                   uint64_t size, Table** table) {
  *table = nullptr;
  if (size < Footer::kEncodedLength) {
    return Status::Corruption("file is too short to be an sstable");
  }

  // 从文件尾部读取并解析footer
  char footer_space[Footer::kEncodedLength];
  Slice footer_input;
  Status s = file->Read(size - Footer::kEncodedLength, Footer::kEncodedLength,
                        &footer_input, footer_space);
  if (!s.ok()) return s;

  Footer footer;
  s = footer.DecodeFrom(&footer_input);
  if (!s.ok()) return s;

  // Read the index block
  // 读取index block
  BlockContents index_block_contents;
  ReadOptions opt;
  if (options.paranoid_checks) {
    opt.verify_checksums = true;
  }
  s = ReadBlock(file, opt, footer.index_handle(), &index_block_contents);

  if (s.ok()) {
    // We've successfully read the footer and the index block: we're
    // ready to serve requests.
    Block* index_block = new Block(index_block_contents);
    Rep* rep = new Table::Rep;
    rep->options = options;
    rep->file = file;
    rep->metaindex_handle = footer.metaindex_handle();
    rep->index_block = index_block;
    rep->cache_id = (options.block_cache ? options.block_cache->NewId() : 0);
    rep->filter_data = nullptr;
    rep->filter = nullptr;
    *table = new Table(rep);
    (*table)->ReadMeta(footer);
  }

  return s;
}

void Table::ReadMeta(const Footer& footer) {
  if (rep_->options.filter_policy == nullptr) {
    return;  // Do not need any metadata
  }

  // TODO(sanjay): Skip this if footer.metaindex_handle() size indicates
  // it is an empty block.
  ReadOptions opt;
  if (rep_->options.paranoid_checks) {
    opt.verify_checksums = true;
  }
  // 读取meta index block
  BlockContents contents;
  if (!ReadBlock(rep_->file, opt, footer.metaindex_handle(), &contents).ok()) {
    // Do not propagate errors since meta info is not needed for operation
    return;
  }
  Block* meta = new Block(contents);

  // 构建filter
  Iterator* iter = meta->NewIterator(BytewiseComparator());
  std::string key = "filter.";
  key.append(rep_->options.filter_policy->Name());
  iter->Seek(key);
  if (iter->Valid() && iter->key() == Slice(key)) {
    ReadFilter(iter->value());
  }
  delete iter;
  delete meta;
}

key的读取：

Status Table::InternalGet(const ReadOptions& options, const Slice& k, void* arg,
                          void (*handle_result)(void*, const Slice&,
                                                const Slice&)) {
  Status s;
  Iterator* iiter = rep_->index_block->NewIterator(rep_->options.comparator);
  iiter->Seek(k);
  if (iiter->Valid()) {
    // 先跟进index block定位到对应的data block
    Slice handle_value = iiter->value();
    FilterBlockReader* filter = rep_->filter;
    BlockHandle handle;
    // 优先filter查找
    if (filter != nullptr && handle.DecodeFrom(&handle_value).ok() &&
        !filter->KeyMayMatch(handle.offset(), k)) {
      // Not found
    } else {
      // 找到data block之后，再找对应的key
      Iterator* block_iter = BlockReader(this, options, iiter->value());
      block_iter->Seek(k);
      if (block_iter->Valid()) {
        (*handle_result)(arg, block_iter->key(), block_iter->value());
      }
      s = block_iter->status();
      delete block_iter;
    }
  }
  if (s.ok()) {
    s = iiter->status();
  }
  delete iiter;
  return s;
}