文章目录
- 1.基本查询回顾
- 2.多表查询
- 3.自连接
- 4.子查询
- 4.1单行子查询
- 4.2多行子查询
- 4.3多列子查询
- 4.4在from子句中使用子查询
- 4.5合并查询
- 4.5.1 union
- 4.5.2 union all
1.基本查询回顾
表的内容如下：
mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname | loc |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from salgrade;
+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员，同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J
// 使用模糊查询
select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
// 使用函数
select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and substring(ename,1,1)='J';
mysql> select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and substring(ename,1,1)='J';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序
select * from emp order by deptno asc, sal desc;
mysql> select * from emp order by deptno asc,sal desc;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
-
使用年薪进行降序排序
年薪等于工资*12+奖金
需要对奖金进行判断，如果奖金为null，则奖金为0
select ename, sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) as '年薪' from emp order by 年薪 desc;
mysql> select ename,sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) as '年薪' from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename | 年薪 |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 19500.00 |
| WARD | 15500.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| TEST | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位
这里使用分组查询即可，先查出最高的工资，然后查询工资等于最高工资的员工的姓名和工作岗位
select ename,job from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
mysql> select ename,job from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job |
+-------+-----------+
| KING | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息
这里使用分组查询即可
select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| TEST | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | avg(sal) | max(sal) |
+--------+-------------+----------+
| 10 | 2425.000000 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 1690.000000 | 2850.00 |
+--------+-------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资
select deptno,avg(sal) as avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal < 2000;
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) as avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal < 2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg_sal |
+--------+-------------+
| 30 | 1690.000000 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示每种岗位的雇员总数，平均工资
select job,count(*), avg(sal) from emp group by job;
mysql> select job,count(*), avg(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+-------------+
| job | count(*) | avg(sal) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+
| ANALYST | 2 | 3000.000000 |
| CLERK | 4 | 1037.500000 |
| MANAGER | 3 | 2758.333333 |
| PRESIDENT | 1 | 5000.000000 |
| SALESMAN | 4 | 1400.000000 |
+-----------+----------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.多表查询
实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表，所以需要多表查询。本节我们用一个简单的公司管理系统，有三张
表emp,dept,salgrade来演示如何进行多表查询。
案例：
显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字因为上面的数据来自emp和dept表，因此要联合查询
其实我们只要emp表中的deptno = dept表中的deptno字段的记录
select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename | sal | dname |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES |
| CLACK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资
mysql> select dname,ename,sal from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and dept.deptno=10;
+------------+--------+---------+
| dname | ename | sal |
+------------+--------+---------+
| ACCOUNTING | CLACK | 2450.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | KING | 5000.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示各个员工的姓名，工资，及工资级别
mysql> select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
mysql> select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLACK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.自连接
自连接是指在同一张表连接查询
案例：
显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名（mgr是员工领导的编号–empno）
使用的子查询
select ename,empno from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename='FORD');
使用多表查询（自查询）
select e2.ename,e2.empno from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.ename='FORD' and e1.mgr=e2.empno;
mysql> select e1.ename,e2.empno from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.ename='FORD' and e1.mgr=e2.empno;
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno |
+-------+--------+
| FORD | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.子查询
子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句，也叫嵌套查询
4.1单行子查询
返回一行记录的子查询
- 显示SMITH同一部门的员工
select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
mysql> select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2多行子查询
返回多行记录的子查询
-
in关键字；查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字，岗位，工资，部门号，但是不包含10自己的
select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in(select job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno<>10; mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in(select job from emp where deptno=10) and deptno<>10; +-------+---------+---------+--------+ | ename | job | sal | deptno | +-------+---------+---------+--------+ | JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 20 | | BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 30 | | SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 20 | | ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 20 | | JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 30 | +-------+---------+---------+--------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) -
all关键字；显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
// 使用聚合函数 select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal>(select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30); mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal>(select max(sal) from emp where deptno=30); +-------+---------+--------+ | ename | sal | deptno | +-------+---------+--------+ | JONES | 2975.00 | 20 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | | KING | 5000.00 | 10 | | FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | +-------+---------+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) // 使用all关键子 select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal>all(select sal from emp where deptno=30); mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal>all(select sal from emp where deptno=30); +-------+---------+--------+ | ename | sal | deptno | +-------+---------+--------+ | JONES | 2975.00 | 20 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | | KING | 5000.00 | 10 | | FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | +-------+---------+--------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) -
any关键字；显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号（包含自己部门的员工）
// 使用聚合函数
mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > (select min(sal) from emp where deptno=30) and deptno<>30;
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| CLACK | 2450.00 | 10 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 使用any关键字
mysql> select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30) and deptno<>30;
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| CLACK | 2450.00 | 10 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.3多列子查询
单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列，单行数据；多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据，都是针对单列而言
的，而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句
案例：查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员，不含SMITH本人
mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job)=(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename<>'SMITH';
mysql> select * from emp where (deptno,job)in(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename<>'SMITH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.4在from子句中使用子查询
子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧，把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。
案例：
显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
答案：
select t1.ename,t1.deptno,t1.sal,t2.myavg from emp t1,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1.ssal > t2.myavg;
步骤：
// 1.根据部门号分组得到每组的平均工资
mysql> select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+-------------+
| avg(sal) |
+-------------+
| 2916.666667 |
| 2175.000000 |
| 1566.666667 |
+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 2.根据部门号分组得到每组的平均工资和部门号
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 3.将上面得到的结果与emp表做笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from emp t1,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | myavg |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+-------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 5.增加筛选条件 :工资大于平均工资
mysql> select * from emp t1,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1.sal > t2.myavg;
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | myavg |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 2175.000000 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 5.根据题目要求得到结果
mysql> select t1.ename,t1.deptno,t1.sal,t2.myavg from emp t1,(select deptno,avg(sal) myavg from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1.ssal > t2.myavg;
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename | deptno | sal | myavg |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ALLEN | 30 | 1600.00 | 1566.666667 |
| JONES | 20 | 2975.00 | 2175.000000 |
| BLAKE | 30 | 2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
| SCOTT | 20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
| KING | 10 | 5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
| FORD | 20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
答案：
select t1.ename,t1.sal,t1.deptno,t2.mymax from emp t1,(select deptno, max(sal) mymax from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1..sal=t2.mymax;
步骤：
// 1.得到分组之后的部门号和最高工资
mysql> select deptno, max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+----------+
| 10 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 2850.00 |
+--------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
// 2.与emp表进行笛卡尔积并进行t1.sal=t2.mymax的筛选(工资等于最高工资)
mysql> select * from emp t1,(select deptno, max(sal) mymax from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1.sal=t2.mymax;
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+---------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | deptno | mymax |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+---------+
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 3.根据题目要求选择需要筛选的内容
mysql> select t1.ename,t1.sal,t1.deptno,t2.mymax from emp t1,(select deptno, max(sal) mymax from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno and t1..sal=t2.mymax;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal | deptno | mymax |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec
显示每个部门的信息（部门名，编号，地址）和人员数量
答案：
select t1.deptno,t1.dname,t1.loc,t2.num from dept t1,(select deptno,count(*) num from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
步骤：
// 1.分组得到每一组的人数
mysql> select deptno,count(*) num from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-----+
| deptno | num |
+--------+-----+
| 10 | 3 |
| 20 | 5 |
| 30 | 6 |
+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 2.和部门表进行笛卡尔积，然后进行条件筛选
mysql> select * from dept t1,(select deptno,count(*) num from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+--------+-----+
| deptno | dname | loc | deptno | num |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+-----+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 10 | 3 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | 20 | 5 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | 30 | 6 |
+--------+------------+----------+--------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select t1.deptno,t1.dname,t1.loc,t2.num from dept t1,(select deptno,count(*) num from emp group by deptno) t2 where t1.deptno=t2.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+-----+
| deptno | dname | loc | num |
+--------+------------+----------+-----+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 3 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | 5 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | 6 |
+--------+------------+----------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
暴力解法：
mysql> select dept.dname,dept.deptno,dept.loc,count(*) from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dept.deptno,dept.dname,dept.loc;
+------------+--------+----------+----------+
| dname | deptno | loc | count(*) |
+------------+--------+----------+----------+
| ACCOUNTING | 10 | NEW YORK | 3 |
| RESEARCH | 20 | DALLAS | 5 |
| SALES | 30 | CHICAGO | 6 |
+------------+--------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
总结：
解决多表问题的本质：想办法将多表转化为单表，所以mysql中，所有select的问题全部都可以转化成单表问题
4.5合并查询
在实际应用中，为了合并多个select的执行结果，可以使用集合操作符 union，union all
4.5.1 union
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。
案例：将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出
// 1.查出工资大于2500的
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500;
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 2.查出job=MANAGER的
mysql> select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 3.进行合并
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500 union select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.5.2 union all
操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，不会去掉结果集中的重复行。
案例：将工资大于25000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
// 1.查出工资大于2500的
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500;
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
// 2.查出job=MANAGER的
mysql> select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
// 3.进行合并
mysql> select * from emp where sal>2500 union all select * from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLACK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
