7.8 图形界面应用案例——关灯游戏
题目：
[案例]游戏初步——关灯游戏。
关灯游戏是很有意思的益智游戏，玩家通过单击关掉(或打开)一盏灯。如果关(掉（或打开)一个电灯，其周围(上下左右)的电灯也会触及开关，成功地关掉所有电灯即可过关。
图7-43 关灯游戏运行效果
分析:游戏中采用二维列表存储灯的状态，'you'表示电灯亮(黄色的圆)，'wu'表示电灯关掉(背景色的圆)。在Canvas画布单击事件中，获取鼠标单击位置从而换算成棋盘位(x1,y1),并处理四周灯的状态转换。
案例代码:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
root = Tk()
l= [['wu', 'wu', 'you', 'you', 'you'] ,
['wu', 'you', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu'],
['wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'wu'],
['wu', 'wu', 'wu', 'you', 'wu'],
['you', 'you', 'you', 'wu', 'wu']]
#绘制灯的状态情况图
def huaqi():
for i in range (0,5):
for u in range (0,5):
if l[i][u]=='you':
cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10,u * 40 + 10,(i+1)* 40+10,(u+1)*40 + 10,outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2)#亮灯
else:
cv.create_oval(i*40 + 10,u*40 +10,(i+1) *40+10,(u+1)*40 + 10,outline='white', fill='white', width=2) #灭灯
#反转(x1,yl)处灯的状态
def reserve(x1,y1):
if l[x1][y1] =='wu':
l[x1][y1]='you'
else:
l[x1][y1] = 'wu'
#单击事件函数
def luozi(event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 !=0:
reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1!=4:
reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1!=0:
reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1!=4:
reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
huaqi()
# 主程序
cv = Canvas(root, bg='white', width=210, height=210)
for i in range(0, 6): # 绘制网格线
cv.create_line(10, 10 + 1 * 40,210, 10 + i * 40, arrow = 'none')
cv.create_line(10 + i * 40,10,10 + 1 * 40, 210, arrow = 'none' )
huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
p = 0
for i in range(0, 5):
for u in l[i]:
if u == 'wu':
p= p + 1
if p == 25:
messagebox.showinfo('win', '你过关了') # 显示赢信息的消息窗口
cv.bind('<Button-1>', luozi)
cv.pack()
root.mainloop ()这段代码是一个基于Tkinter库的灯泡游戏。游戏界面是一个5x5的网格，每个网格代表一个灯泡。初始状态下，所有的灯泡都是灭的（白色）。玩家的目标是通过点击灯泡，将所有的灯泡都点亮（黄色）。
代码中的主要函数和操作包括：
1. `huaqi()`函数：根据灯泡的状态情况，绘制灯泡的图形。如果灯泡是亮的，则绘制一个黄色的圆形；如果灯泡是灭的，则绘制一个白色的圆形。
2. `reserve(x1, y1)`函数：根据给定的坐标`(x1, y1)`，反转该位置的灯泡的状态。如果灯泡是亮的，则变为灭的；如果灯泡是灭的，则变为亮的。
3. `luozi(event)`函数：处理鼠标点击事件。根据点击的位置，确定对应的灯泡，并进行状态反转。同时，还会反转该灯泡周围的灯泡状态。
4. 主程序部分：创建一个画布（Canvas）对象，并设置背景色为白色。然后，使用循环绘制网格线。接着，调用`huaqi()`函数绘制灯泡的初始状态。最后，绑定鼠标左键点击事件到`luozi()`函数，并将画布显示在窗口中。
在游戏过程中，玩家通过点击灯泡来改变它的状态，并且反转周围灯泡的状态。当所有的灯泡都点亮时，会弹出一个消息窗口显示玩家胜利的信息。
注（Tkinter库）：
Tkinter是Python的标准图形用户界面（GUI）工具包，它提供了创建和管理GUI应用程序所需的组件和功能。Tkinter是基于Tcl/Tk工具包的Python接口，Tcl是一种脚本语言，而Tk是一个用于创建图形用户界面的工具包。
Tkinter库包含了许多常用的GUI组件，比如按钮、标签、文本框、复选框、单选按钮、菜单等，同时也支持布局管理器来帮助开发者设计和布局界面。开发者可以使用Tkinter来创建各种类型的应用程序，从简单的工具到复杂的桌面应用程序都可以使用Tkinter来实现。
Tkinter的优点包括：
1. **易于学习和使用**：Tkinter是Python的标准库，因此无需额外安装即可使用。它的接口简单直观，适合初学者入门。
2. **跨平台性**：Tkinter可以在多个平台上运行，包括Windows、Linux和Mac OS等。
3. **丰富的组件**：Tkinter提供了丰富的GUI组件，可以满足大部分应用程序的需求。
4. **灵活性**：Tkinter支持自定义组件和样式，开发者可以根据自己的需求进行定制。
总之，Tkinter是一个功能强大且易于使用的GUI工具包，适合用于开发Python图形界面应用程序。
扩展题目：
题目要求：
请完成《7.8关灯游戏》（课本p.170），并完成以下扩展内容:
扩展内容：
1. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择初始地图的大小，分别为:小(5x5)，中(8x8)，大(12x10)，玩家选择之后立即刷新窗口界面并重设地图
2. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择游戏难度，分别为：
容易：一开始有20%的格子状态为翻转状态
中等：一开始有40%的格子状态为翻转状态
困难：一开始有60%的格子状态为翻转状态
3. 游戏开始之前，提示玩家输入唯一的用户名，用于保留该玩家的闯关记录
4. 按照玩家选择的地图大小和难度开始游戏，游戏过程中记录玩家闯关的总时间以及翻转次数（即开关灯的次数）
5. 玩家通关成功后，保存相关信息到数据库，表结构可以自定，但应当至少包含以下信息：
- 玩家选择的地图大小
- 玩家选择的难度
- 玩家通关的日期时间
- 玩家通关所用的总时间
- 玩家通关所用的总点击次数
6. 设计窗口界面，显示通关排行榜，具体说明如下：
- 根据不同地图大小以及不同难度显示各自排名，例如：大地图中等难度与中地图困难难度的排名是分开的
- 可以选择显示总排名（所有玩家的记录）与个人排名（玩家自己的所有记录）
- 可以选择根据通关时间排名，以及根据点击次数排名，两个排名都是按从小到大排列
扩展完第一个功能的代码
（1. 请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择初始地图的大小，分别为:小(5x5)，中(8x8)，大(12x10)，玩家选择之后立即刷新窗口界面并重设地图）：
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights() # 随机打开一些灯
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size+1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
def random_open_lights(self):
num_of_lights = random.randint(1, self.size*self.size) # 随机选择要打开的灯的数量
positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def reset_game(size):
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights()
game.huaqi()
def on_small():
reset_game(5)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8)
def on_large():
reset_game(12)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
root.mainloop()
扩展完功能二的代码：
请设计并实现界面功能，允许玩家选择游戏难度，分别为：
容易：一开始有20%的格子状态为翻转状态
中等：一开始有40%的格子状态为翻转状态
困难：一开始有60%的格子状态为翻转状态
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size+1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def reset_game(size, difficulty):
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get())
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get())
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get())
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
root.mainloop()
扩展完功能三的代码：
3. 游戏开始之前，提示玩家输入唯一的用户名，用于保留该玩家的闯关记录
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.username = None # 存储玩家的用户名
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")
self.username_label.pack()
self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)
self.username_entry.pack()
self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)
self.username_button.pack()
def set_username(self):
self.username = self.username_entry.get()
self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)
# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮
self.username_entry.pack_forget()
self.username_button.pack_forget()
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size+1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):
game.username = username
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
root.mainloop()
扩展完功能四的代码：
按照玩家选择的地图大小和难度开始游戏，游戏过程中记录玩家闯关的总时间以及翻转次数（即开关灯的次数）
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
import time
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.username = None # 存储玩家的用户名
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
self.total_time = 0
self.flip_count = 0
self.start_time = 0
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")
self.username_label.pack()
self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)
self.username_entry.pack()
self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)
self.username_button.pack()
def set_username(self):
self.username = self.username_entry.get()
self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)
# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮
self.username_entry.pack_forget()
self.username_button.pack_forget()
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size+1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
self.flip_count += 1
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):
game.username = username
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
game.total_time = 0
game.flip_count = 0
game.start_time = 0
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
root.mainloop()
扩展完功能五的代码：
玩家通关成功后，保存相关信息到数据库，表结构可以自定，但应当至少包含以下信息：
- 玩家选择的地图大小
- 玩家选择的难度
- 玩家通关的日期时间
- 玩家通关所用的总时间
- 玩家通关所用的总点击次数
import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetime
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.username = None # 存储玩家的用户名
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
self.total_time = 0
self.flip_count = 0
self.start_time = 0
# 连接到数据库
self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')
self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()
# 创建表
self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
map_size INTEGER,
difficulty TEXT,
completion_time DATETIME,
total_clicks INTEGER
)''')
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size*40+10, height=self.size*40+10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")
self.username_label.pack()
self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)
self.username_entry.pack()
self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)
self.username_button.pack()
def set_username(self):
self.username = self.username_entry.get()
self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)
# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮
self.username_entry.pack_forget()
self.username_button.pack_forget()
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size+1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
self.flip_count += 1
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size*self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def save_game_record(self):
# 保存通关信息到数据库
map_size = self.size
difficulty = difficulty_var.get()
completion_time = datetime.now()
total_clicks = self.flip_count
self.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)''', (map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))
self.conn.commit()
def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):
game.username = username
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size*40+10, height=size*40+10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
game.total_time = 0
game.flip_count = 0
game.start_time = 0
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()
root.mainloop()
# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()
扩展完功能六的代码：
设计窗口界面，显示通关排行榜，具体说明如下：
- 根据不同地图大小以及不同难度显示各自排名，例如：大地图中等难度与中地图困难难度的排名是分开的
- 可以选择显示总排名（所有玩家的记录）与个人排名（玩家自己的所有记录）
- 可以选择根据通关时间排名，以及根据点击次数排名，两个排名都是按从小到大排列
import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetime
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.username = None # 存储玩家的用户名
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
self.total_time = 0
self.flip_count = 0
self.start_time = 0
# 连接到数据库
self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')
self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()
# 创建表
self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
username TEXT,
map_size INTEGER,
difficulty TEXT,
completion_time DATETIME,
total_clicks INTEGER
)''')
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size * 40 + 10, height=self.size * 40 + 10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")
self.username_label.pack()
self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)
self.username_entry.pack()
self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)
self.username_button.pack()
self.show_leaderboard_button = Button(self.master, text="显示排行榜", command=self.show_leaderboard)
self.show_leaderboard_button.pack()
def set_username(self):
self.username = self.username_entry.get()
self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)
# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮
self.username_entry.pack_forget()
self.username_button.pack_forget()
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size + 1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
self.flip_count += 1
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size * self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def save_game_record(self):
# 保存通关信息到数据库
map_size = self.size
difficulty = difficulty_var.get()
completion_time = datetime.now()
total_clicks = self.flip_count
self.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)''', (self.username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))
self.conn.commit() # 确保数据被写入数据库
def show_leaderboard(self):
leaderboard_window = Toplevel(self.master)
leaderboard_window.title("通关排行榜")
leaderboard_frame = Frame(leaderboard_window)
leaderboard_frame.pack()
map_size = self.size
difficulty = difficulty_var.get()
self.cursor.execute('''SELECT username, completion_time, total_clicks FROM game_records
WHERE map_size=? AND difficulty=?
ORDER BY completion_time, total_clicks''', (map_size, difficulty))
records = self.cursor.fetchall()
if len(records) == 0:
messagebox.showinfo("提示", "暂无记录")
else:
for i, record in enumerate(records):
username_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[0])
username_label.grid(row=i, column=0)
completion_time_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[1])
completion_time_label.grid(row=i, column=1)
total_clicks_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[2])
total_clicks_label.grid(row=i, column=2)
def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):
game.username = username
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size * 40 + 10, height=size * 40 + 10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
game.total_time = 0
game.flip_count = 0
game.start_time = 0
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()
root.mainloop()
# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()
扩展添加了一个查询次数和时间的代码（最终）：
import sqlite3
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox
import random
from datetime import datetime
class LightsOutGame:
def __init__(self, master=None, size=5, difficulty='medium'):
self.master = master
self.size = size
self.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
self.username = None # 存储玩家的用户名
self.create_widgets()
self.random_open_lights(difficulty) # 随机打开一些灯
self.total_time = 0
self.flip_count = 0
self.start_time = 0
# 连接到数据库
self.conn = sqlite3.connect('game.db')
self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()
# 创建表
self.cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS game_records (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
username TEXT,
map_size INTEGER,
difficulty TEXT,
completion_time DATETIME,
total_clicks INTEGER
)''')
def create_widgets(self):
self.cv = Canvas(self.master, bg='white', width=self.size * 40 + 10, height=self.size * 40 + 10)
self.cv.pack()
self.draw_grid() # 绘制网格
self.huaqi() # 绘制灯的状态情况图
self.cv.bind('<Button-1>', self.luozi)
self.username_label = Label(self.master, text="用户名：")
self.username_label.pack()
self.username_entry = Entry(self.master)
self.username_entry.pack()
self.username_button = Button(self.master, text="确认", command=self.set_username)
self.username_button.pack()
self.show_leaderboard_button = Button(self.master, text="显示排行榜", command=self.show_leaderboard)
self.show_leaderboard_button.pack()
self.stats_button = Button(self.master, text="查询统计", command=self.show_game_stats)
self.stats_button.pack()
self.stats_label = Label(self.master, text="")
self.stats_label.pack()
def set_username(self):
self.username = self.username_entry.get()
self.username_label.config(text="用户名：" + self.username)
# 移除用户名输入框和确认按钮
self.username_entry.pack_forget()
self.username_button.pack_forget()
def draw_grid(self):
self.cv.delete("grid") # 清除之前的网格
for i in range(self.size + 1): # 绘制网格线
self.cv.create_line(10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, 10 + i * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
self.cv.create_line(10 + i * 40, 10, 10 + i * 40, 10 + self.size * 40, arrow='none', tags="grid")
def huaqi(self):
self.cv.delete("lights") # 清除之前的灯
for i in range(self.size):
for u in range(self.size):
if self.lights[i][u] == 'you':
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='yellow', width=2, tags="lights") # 亮灯
else:
self.cv.create_oval(i * 40 + 10, u * 40 + 10, (i + 1) * 40 + 10, (u + 1) * 40 + 10,
outline='white', fill='white', width=2, tags="lights") # 灭灯
def reserve(self, x1, y1):
if self.lights[x1][y1] == 'wu':
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'you'
else:
self.lights[x1][y1] = 'wu'
def luozi(self, event):
x1 = (event.x - 10) // 40
y1 = (event.y - 10) // 40
print(x1, y1)
self.reserve(x1, y1) # 翻转(x1,y1)处灯的状态
# 以下翻转(x1,yI)周围的灯的状态#左侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1 - 1, y1)
# 右侧灯的状态反转
if x1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1 + 1, y1)
# 上侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != 0:
self.reserve(x1, y1 - 1)
# 下侧灯的状态反转
if y1 != self.size - 1:
self.reserve(x1, y1 + 1)
self.huaqi()
self.flip_count += 1
def random_open_lights(self, difficulty):
if difficulty == 'easy':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.2) # 20%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'medium':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.4) # 40%的格子状态为翻转状态
elif difficulty == 'hard':
num_of_lights = int(self.size * self.size * 0.6) # 60%的格子状态为翻转状态
positions = random.sample(range(self.size * self.size), num_of_lights) # 随机选择要打开的灯的位置
for pos in positions:
x = pos // self.size
y = pos % self.size
self.reserve(x, y)
def save_game_record(self):
# 保存通关信息到数据库
map_size = self.size
difficulty = difficulty_var.get()
completion_time = datetime.now()
total_clicks = self.flip_count
self.cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO game_records (username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)''', (self.username, map_size, difficulty, completion_time, total_clicks))
self.conn.commit() # 确保数据被写入数据库
def show_leaderboard(self):
leaderboard_window = Toplevel(self.master)
leaderboard_window.title("通关排行榜")
leaderboard_frame = Frame(leaderboard_window)
leaderboard_frame.pack()
map_size = self.size
difficulty = difficulty_var.get()
self.cursor.execute('''SELECT username, completion_time, total_clicks FROM game_records
WHERE map_size=? AND difficulty=?
ORDER BY completion_time, total_clicks''', (map_size, difficulty))
records = self.cursor.fetchall()
if len(records) == 0:
messagebox.showinfo("提示", "暂无记录")
else:
for i, record in enumerate(records):
username_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[0])
username_label.grid(row=i, column=0)
completion_time_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[1])
completion_time_label.grid(row=i, column=1)
total_clicks_label = Label(leaderboard_frame, text=record[2])
total_clicks_label.grid(row=i, column=2)
def get_game_stats(self):
self.cursor.execute('''SELECT SUM(completion_time), SUM(total_clicks) FROM game_records
WHERE username=?''', (self.username,))
result = self.cursor.fetchone()
return result
def show_game_stats(self):
stats = self.get_game_stats()
total_time = stats[0]
total_clicks = stats[1]
self.stats_label.config(text=f"总时间：{total_time} 秒，翻转次数：{total_clicks} 次")
def reset_game(size, difficulty, username):
game.username = username
game.size = size
game.lights = [['wu' for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
game.cv.config(width=size * 40 + 10, height=size * 40 + 10)
game.draw_grid()
game.random_open_lights(difficulty)
game.huaqi()
game.total_time = 0
game.flip_count = 0
game.start_time = 0
game.stats_label.config(text="")
def on_small():
reset_game(5, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_medium():
reset_game(8, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
def on_large():
reset_game(12, difficulty_var.get(), game.username)
root = Tk()
game = LightsOutGame(root)
menu_frame = Frame(root)
menu_frame.pack()
difficulty_var = StringVar()
difficulty_var.set('medium')
small_button = Button(menu_frame, text="小", command=on_small)
small_button.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_button = Button(menu_frame, text="中", command=on_medium)
medium_button.pack(side=LEFT)
large_button = Button(menu_frame, text="大", command=on_large)
large_button.pack(side=LEFT)
difficulty_frame = Frame(root)
difficulty_frame.pack()
easy_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="容易", variable=difficulty_var, value='easy')
easy_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
medium_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="中等", variable=difficulty_var, value='medium')
medium_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
hard_radio = Radiobutton(difficulty_frame, text="困难", variable=difficulty_var, value='hard')
hard_radio.pack(side=LEFT)
save_button = Button(root, text="保存通关信息", command=game.save_game_record)
save_button.pack()
root.mainloop()
# 关闭数据库连接
game.conn.close()
相关问题：
- 请描述你的系统详细设计（提示：按照需求分析列出概要功能点）
答：系统详细设计：
创建一个名为LightsOutGame的类，用于实现Lights Out游戏的逻辑和界面。
在初始化方法中，设置游戏的大小、难度，并创建一个二维数组来表示灯的状态。
创建游戏界面，包括一个Canvas用于绘制网格和灯的状态，一个Label用于显示用户名，一个Entry和一个Button用于输入和确认用户名，以及一些按钮用于选择游戏难度和操作。
实现灯的状态翻转和绘制网格、灯的方法。
实现随机打开一些灯的方法，根据难度设置打开的灯的数量。
实现保存通关记录到数据库的方法，包括用户名、地图大小、难度、完成时间和翻转次数。
实现显示排行榜和查询统计的方法，从数据库中获取相应的记录并展示在界面上。
实现重置游戏的方法，根据选择的地图大小和难度重新设置游戏参数，并清空灯的状态和统计数据。
创建一个主窗口，并将游戏对象放入其中，启动主循环。
- 请通过原型图+说明的方式展示你的界面详细设计
答：
界面详细设计：
主界面包括一个Canvas用于绘制网格和灯的状态，一个Label用于显示用户名，一个Entry和一个Button用于输入和确认用户名，以及一些按钮用于选择游戏难度和操作。
用户名输入框和确认按钮位于顶部，用于输入和确认用户名。
网格和灯的状态绘制在Canvas上，根据灯的状态绘制不同的颜色和形状。
游戏难度选择按钮位于中间，用于选择不同的难度。
排行榜和查询统计按钮位于底部，用于显示排行榜和查询统计信息。
- 请通过ER图+表结构说明的方式展示你的数据库详细设计
答：
数据库详细设计：
创建一个名为game_records的表，用于存储通关记录。
表中包含以下字段：id（主键，自增），username（用户名），map_size（地图大小），difficulty（难度），completion_time（完成时间），total_clicks（翻转次数）。
使用SQLite数据库，通过Python的sqlite3模块连接和操作数据库。
在游戏开始时创建表，如果表已存在则不创建。
在保存通关记录时，将相关信息插入到game_records表中。
在显示排行榜和查询统计时，从game_records表中查询相应的记录，并按照完成时间和翻转次数排序。
答：功能1：
功能2：
功能3：
功能4：
功能5：
功能6：
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答：图形界面设计(GUI)的重要组成部分包括： 窗口：用于承载界面的容器，提供标题栏、边框和关闭按钮等功能。 组件：用于构建界面的可视化元素，如按钮、标签、文本框、下拉框等。 布局管理器：用于控制组件在窗口中的位置和大小，如pack、grid和place等。 事件处理：用于响应用户的操作，如点击按钮、输入文本等，触发相应的事件处理函数。 图形绘制：用于绘制图形元素，如绘制网格、绘制灯的状态等。 2、请讨论说明在本实验中，你应如何使用数据库支撑整个应用程序的正确运行？ 答：在本实验中，数据库用于支持整个应用程序的正确运行，具体包括： 创建数据库表game_records用于存储游戏记录。 在游戏通关时，将通关信息插入到game_records表中。 在显示排行榜时，从game_records表中查询对应难度和地图大小的游戏记录，并在界面上显示。 3、其他关于完成本次实验作业中的心得与讨论 答：本次实验是一个简单的游戏的实现，通过使用Tkinter库构建了一个图形界面，并使用SQLite数据库存储游戏记录。通过这个实验，我学习到了如何使用Tkinter库创建图形界面，以及如何使用SQLite数据库进行数据存储和查询。同时，我也了解到了图形界面设计的重要组成部分和数据库的应用场景。这个实验对于我进一步掌握Python编程和图形界面开发有很大的帮助，也提升了我的数据库操作能力。 |
